Osborn, Eric D.; Hoagstrom, Carl W. (1989). pygmy mice to capybaras, the largest of which weigh over 150 pounds.
It ranges from Labrador west to Alaska and south from Labrador and New Brunswick to South Carolina and extreme northeastern Georgia; west through Tennessee, Missouri, north-central Nebraska, the northern half of Wyoming, and central Washington to Alaska; south through Idaho into north-central Utah. [11][12] Female territoriality tends to determine density in suboptimal habitats; the amount of available forage may be the determining factor in female territory size, so determines reproductive success. "Small mammals of a relict wet prairie in Ohio". Fish & …
This is particularly evident in males during the breeding season. [12] In Ohio, meadow voles comprised 90% of the individual prey remains in long-eared owl (Asio otus) pellets on a relict wet prairie,[37] and in Wisconsin, meadow voles comprised 95% of short-eared owl (A. flammeus) prey. If trapping moles isn't your cup of tea, you can also use rigid physical barriers, like hardware cloth or sheet metal, buried 1.5 feet beneath the ground. [24] Meadow voles appeared to be randomly distributed within a grassland habitat in southern Quebec. [3][12] In summer and fall, grasses are cut into match-length sections to reach the succulent portions of the leaves and seedheads. In: Hulbert, Lloyd C., ed. [12] Home range size depends on season, habitat, and population density: ranges are larger in summer than winter, those in marshes are larger than in meadows, and are smaller at higher population densities. The best course of action for a property owner intent on getting rid of moles is to hire a professional pest control company or wildlife removal expert. Retrieved July 28, 2011, from Kansas Mammal Atlas: http://webcat.fhsu.edu/ksfauna/mammals/index.asp?page=species&species_id=390%09-860&dots=yes&tributaries=yes&isAnura=&map, U.S. http://www.fws.gov/northflorida/Species-Accounts/Saltmarsh-Vole-2005.htm. 2001. salt marsh vole is on private land; however, the salt marsh is under U.S. Army common in areas vegetated by seashore saltgrass (Distichlis spicata). Moles are small reclusive animals that usually stay deep underground. is known only from one site at Waccasassa Bay in Levy County, Florida, where it Department of the Interior. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species AccountU.S. Mole Deterrents and Traps If you wish to rid your landscape of moles, there are a few things you can try in order to deter them from tunneling. prairie dominated by northern pin oak (Quercus palustris) and grasses including bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), big bluestem, switchgrass, and Indian grass.
In years of average population sizes, typical meadow vole population density is about 15 to 45 meadow voles per acre in old-field habitat.
fens, but not in adjacent cedar (Thuja spp. Their excrement mixes in with the soil and enriches it. The square plots were 132 feet per side (40 m x 40 m), and the rectangular patches were 52.8 feet by 330 feet (16 m x 100 m). [28] In New Mexico, meadow voles were captured in stands of grasses, wild rose (Rosa spp. (2001, August). [18] Numbers of short-eared owls, northern harriers, rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes were related to large numbers of meadow voles in a field in Wisconsin. Voles are rodents and are primarily herbivores causing extensive damage to small trees and plants and bulbs. You might, if you’re seeing lines of small dirt piles in your yard. Both of these features make it easier for moles to navigate through soil. Rabbits dont have anything over this pesky rodent. Meadow voles breed year round, but mainly between March and November (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, n.d.). [47], This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of Agriculture document: "Microtus pennsylvanicus"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}.
rodents as prey. flooded high salt marsh zone where it is believed to survive high tides and Pauls, Ronald W. (1986).
https://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Microtus_pennsylvanicus_dukecampbelli.pdf, Ohio Department of Natural Resources. greatly reduced as climatic change resulted in vegetational changes from Some [6] They are now common in hayfields, pastures, and along ditches in the Rocky Mountain states. (1988). [43] Properly timed cultivation and controlled fires are at least partially effective in reducing populations. Habitat selection is largely influenced by relative ground cover of grasses and forbs; soil temperature, moisture, sodium, potassium, and pH levels; humidity; and interspecific competition. Pp.131-139. In S.R. The diet of the Florida salt marsh vole consists of plants, primarily grasses (U.S. [11][12] In Canada, meadow voles are active the first few hours after dawn and during the two- to four-hour period before sunset. Devices that send out high frequencies, supposedly to discourage moles, typically don’t work. Lawn applications of mole-repelling substances are not effective because moles stay underground. Photo of Salt Marsh Vole.courtesy of USFWS/Photo by Michael Mitchell. [35], Nests are used as nurseries, resting areas, and as protection against weather. Estimated mean longevity ranges from two to 16 months. ), Pacific giant salamander (Dicampton ensatus), garter snake (Thamnophis spp. ), prickly pear (Opuntia spp. Federal Register 56(9):1457-1459, January 14, 1991. [15] and postnestling juveniles had the highest mortality rate (61%), followed by young adults (58%) and older age groups (53%). Leaves, flowers, and fruits of forbs are also typical components of the summer diet. Only two populations of salt marsh vole have been found - one near Cedar Key and a second at Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge in the Big Bend Region of Florida. skull characteristics. [12], Meadow vole populations fluctuate annually and also tend to reach peak densities at two- to five-year Meadow voles are usually the most abundant small mammals in northern prairie wetlands, often exceeding 40% of all individual small mammals present. In winter, nests are often constructed on the ground surface under a covering of snow, usually against some natural formation such as a rock or log. Eradicating them isn’t easy, so we recommend either making peace with their presence or hiring a wildlife removal expert. [38] Most mammalian predators take microtine prey.
[19], Meadow voles form extensive colonies and develop communal latrine areas. Sci. The truth is that most of these quick fixes are not actually going to deter moles from tunneling through your landscape.