By this time, Pergamon embraced the polis (or city-state) model of civic organization. 118 0 obj Based on the study of the holes for mounting the shelving, it is estimated that the reading room alone had a storage capacity of 20,000 papyri (many were written on parchment, see above). The arrival of Christianity saw further change as the buildings which had honoured the pagan gods were no longer considered desirable. 119 0 obj Ptolemy IV, the Greek ruler of Egypt, was not happy with the idea of another library challenging Alexandria, so he forbade the export of papyri from Egypt to prevent the development of the library in Pergamon. Books Lysimachus was immersed in the military conflicts following the division of Alexander’s empire, and in 282 BCE, he was on his way to confront Seleucus, the ruler of the Greco-Macedonian administration of Babylon. Pergamon was relatively safe at this point: the Romans extended their protection over nearly all the Mediterranean coast of Asia but all of these benefits had a high cost, for now Pergamon, although a lot bigger, was a lot less independent. "Pergamon." Eumenes II took the initiative to enhance Pergamon’s prestige by enlarging it and turning it into a cultural capital. Considered a masterpiece of the Hellenistic Age, this ancient Greek structure was shipped to Berlin in 1910, and the museum was built, in part, to house it. endobj The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. License. endobj Cristian is a public speaker and independent author with a strong passion for the human past. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 14 Jun 2015. 0000019898 00000 n
endobj Lysimachus left his war chest in Pergamon under the supervision of Philatauerus of Tieium, a trusted lieutenant. 0000030887 00000 n
Philatauerus ruled Pergamon with considerable autonomy until his death in 263 BCE. endobj Considered a masterpiece of the Hellenistic Age, this ancient Greek structure was shipped to Berlin in 1910, and the museum was built, in part, to house it.
xref 121 0 obj Attalus drove the Galatians back and defeated them. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The atrium of early Christian architecture and the cloister were isolated areas for prayer. The archaeological site of Pergamon has provided many fine works of Hellenistic and Roman art but perhaps the most impressive is the altar which now resides in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. 0000007695 00000 n
We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The Romans, whose toleration for civic disturbance was low, eventually restored order, but Pergamon soon lost its status and the neighbouring city of Ephesus became the new provincial capital. endobj startxref It also had a great collection of paintings for public enjoyment. During the second half of the 3rd century CE Pergamon started to decline. These, like the well-known “Nike of Samothrace”, are masterful displays of vigorous action and emotion—triumph, fury, despair—and the effect is achieved by exaggeration of anatomical detail and features and by a…. �s�Xo�\6g1�l.���v�a��8Æ����2#�մ������lR���8�؎�իQ�a�L� m�k������.R�K�unA�za�W�.��=���,�'v�T$��cµ��f��tOz��&�W� *'� 116 0 obj In Pergamon Museum …from its main attraction, the altar of Zeus from Pergamon (Pergamum). H�tSKN�0��]��؎�8�i�)\�G@ ���B>��i+u��O^.����= ��8#`���c��� B����h. During the time of Attalus III (r. 138-133 BCE), Pergamon was handed over to the Roman republic to be fully managed by the Roman people and the kingdom was transformed into the Roman province of Asia with Pergamon as its initial capital. Pergamon reached the height of its influence during the Hellenistic period, becoming the capital of the Attalid kings. 111 32
Ancient History Encyclopedia.
"Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in ancient Greece.Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. This gigantic monument is a convincing and lasting testimony to the power and prestige that was enjoyed by this once great city. endobj Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. 114 0 obj 115 0 obj 0 Inspired by the rich lessons of history, Cristian's goal is to stimulate ideas and to spark the intellectual curiosity of his audience.
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The Greeks denounced Eumenes as a traitor for joining the Romans against his own fellow Greeks. When Alexander died in 323 BCE, his generals divided the territory he had conquered, which resulted in a power struggle between them. The altar was constructed around a staircase and the 2.3 metres high and 120-metre long frieze is topped by a collonaded hall. 112 0 obj Not everyone accepted the new Roman administration though and a number of revolts took place. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/pergamon/. endobj Eumenes also established a centre of scholarship and research by creating a library second only to Alexandria’s in terms of the number of volumes and repute of its scholars. Philatauerus appropriated the money and declared his independence, but in order to avoid unnecessary risks, he wisely swore loyalty to Seleucus and Pergamon became part of the Seleucid Empire. endstream
... "Sculpture of Pergamon," 79-110, with the Gallic trophies and the great altar exte-rior, 233-235 with the plans at 247, on the city and the citadel architecture; ... and their overtly constitutionalist styles of hegemony over Greek subject cities will have encouraged Roman prag- This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The Great Altar at Pergamon is typical of the anti-Classical Greek Hellenistic style due to its https://www.ancient.eu/pergamon/. Reconstruction of the Pergamon Altarby Raimond Spekking (CC BY-NC-SA). 111 0 obj 0000000936 00000 n
The city had great strategic value, since it overlooked the Caicus River Valley (modern name Bakırçay) which provided access from Pergamon to the Aegean coast. h�b```b``Q``e`��� Ā B@1v����iW�d;8~0>shx���d5i��u�в�X=;�}ʚ�)KNm �X_,�*��|zƦ���a݂�E�M[^M�H+�rQ���n�dq�);�F�z��h����Q�C��7��V:~}��嵘��]0A�g>��*�\�����j=3c~ܔO"�~;\��. This is believed to be just ten percent of the total for the entire library. In 611 CE the Persians overran Syria and entered Anatolia devastating most of it.
In 190 BCE, the Romans expelled the Seleucids from the Anatolia region. Pergamon was an ancient city located in the Anatolia region, approximately 25 kilometres from the Aegean Sea in present-day Bergama, Izmir Province of Turkey. The Pergamon Museum also contains other large archaeological structures, including the Market…, …the great reliefs from the altar of Zeus, now in Berlin, and copies of dedicatory statues showing defeated Gauls. 0000031071 00000 n
Following years of unrest, the city became part of the territory controlled by Lysimachus, one of the Macedonian generals. Despite these changes, urban life did continue.
Pergamon was now the capital of the most powerful kingdom in Anatolia. At this time it is not clear how large the population was, but the archaeological evidence suggests that there was room for no more than 10,000 people. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. 0000002066 00000 n
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C6�%���V�����K���w0tK��003X����R�mҜ�й��į�E� p�p The Romans finally evicted the Persians and Emperor Constants II (641-668 CE) limited himself to fortifying the acropolis. <<0914DE3DEFA9B2110A0060538417FE7F>]/Prev 1563652>> endobj 120 0 obj 0000008644 00000 n
His nephew Eumenes I became the ruler of Pergamon: by that time the city had expanded into a small kingdom. It was granted the title of metropolis and as a result of this an ambitious building programme was carried out: massive temples, a stadium, a theatre, a huge forum, and an amphitheatre were constructed. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[344.112 624.294 549.0 636.306]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 0000004296 00000 n
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The Great Altar was constructed during the reign of Eumenes II (see above) and has a surface area of some 36 by 34 metres. Hellenistic Art: History, Facts, and Characteristics. 0000002329 00000 n
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Attalus I is remembered for winning an important victory over the Galatians, a Gaulish (Celtic) tribe who came through Thrace and settled in central Anatolia during the 3rd century BCE (this was the same group addressed in the Epistle to the Galatians in the New Testament). The Turkish government agreed that the ancient foundation of the Pergamon Altar ─Satan’s Throne─became the property of Germany.
…Athena Nicephorus; and the great altar of Zeus with its richly decorated frieze, a masterpiece of Hellenistic art. 0000005147 00000 n
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endobj …focus, while the altar of Pergamum and the Ara Pacis (Augustan Altar of Peace) in Rome are evidences of the open-air religious observances of the classical world. Violatti, Cristian. 0000012179 00000 n
Legendary Sites of the Ancient World: An Illustrated Guide to Over 80... Art of the Hellenistic Kingdoms: From Pergamon to Rome, The Thermohaline Finestructure of the Ocean: Pergamon Marine Series. ��炧�*�&�3���&EZ) ��H����@!�K��aF� ��no��\���VS���kڳ�i�B^�g�Lv2/ӎ�4|�� The monument It offers us a varied and wide array of figures that are certain to be from the same time period, eliminating the problem of dating that is often an issue for Greek art (due to Roman copies of earlier works). Forced Labor: Maternity Care in the United States: Pergamon Studies... Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Cite This Work �:ґ�N��Ѡ>]��\Ȁ�����'!G4�����Y(��^V?t��5j�>��F��.�7î{|&C6LJC����E�$W��u����TǏ��"O\a?f�� �R�O�}��Tco�U
The name of Pergamon continues to live on even today in the word “parchment”, which is a distortion of Pergamon (“parchment” is pergamino in Spanish and pergamena in Italian). Under Attalus I Pergamon became the capital of the most powerful kingdom in Anatolia. Eumenes II succeeded Attalus I and he ruled Pergamon from 197 BCE to 159 BCE. Pergamon was an ancient city located in the Anatolia region, approximately 25 kilometres from the Aegean Sea in present-day Bergama, Izmir Province of Turkey.The city had great strategic value, since it overlooked the Caicus River Valley (modern name Bakırçay) which provided access from Pergamon to the Aegean coast. 03 Nov 2020. 0000002878 00000 n
By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Pergamon.
its attempt to stir emotions its emulation of fourth-century Greek sculpture its smooth, evenly illuminated surface its representation of a god 4. The Pergamon Museum also contains other large archaeological structures, including the Market… Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Parchment ended up rivalling paper as a means of communication; it was much more expensive than papyrus but also more durable. Ancient History Encyclopedia. 0000003155 00000 n
<<>> <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[484.812 609.894 549.0 621.906]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> This military success was the background for the creation of the famous Dying Gaul sculpture which depicts a wounded Galatian warrior.
This was the time when the ‘Great Altar’ or ‘Pergamon Altar’ was created. The altar was excavated and taken stone by stone to Berlin where it was reassembled in its own museum. The treaty of Apamea Kibotos. 0000001737 00000 n
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